ATONEMENT

A DAY OF COVERING

By Elder Dave Ganton

On the tenth day of the seventh month on the sacred calendar is the day of atonement. It is a day we are commanded to afflict ourselves by fasting from evening to evening. It is a Holy Day and a day of sacred assembly. You can read about it in LEV.23:26-32  You will find all of the rituals surrounding this day of Atonement in LEV.16:1-34 This is telling about the selection of the two goats, one for sacrifice and one for carrying the sins of the people into the wilderness. You can read more about this in HEB.9:1-10 There have been many sermons and articles done on these aspects of the day of Atonement. In this study we will cover this very Holy time from a different viewpoint. We will investigate and come to understand what true fasting is and how it applies to us as Yahweh’s people. We will also see another important aspect of this day that may not be evident at first. This is a most Holy day that only superficially involves food. Don’t misunderstand me. We are to abstain from food on this day as Yahweh said and afflict ourselves but that is only a very small part of what the day of Atonement represents.

We are told in JOHN 4:24 that Elohim is Spirit and they that worship Him must worship in spirit and truth. At repentance and immersion into the name of Yahshua, Yahweh gives us His gift of the Holy Spirit to guide us into all truth JOHN 16:13; JOHN 14:17, and to enable us to think on the spiritual plane so He can teach us the deep things of His word. We should begin this and all studies with prayer to Yahweh for understanding and enlightenment. Knowledge comes from study, understanding comes from Yahweh through the Holy Spirit.

There is something very special about the day of Atonement that goes unnoticed by many of the Sabbath and Holy day keeping groups. Yahweh begins the year on the first day of the month Abib in the spring of the year. EX.12:2 However there are two exceptions to this rule. The seventh year land Sabbath and the year of Jubilee. These years both begin on the tenth day of the seventh month, Tishri, LEV.25:1-11 Atonement. This day and these years are very special to Yahweh and He wants them have special meaning for us. One must never take lightly or just observe the times that Yahweh says are special and Holy. All things Yahweh does are to teach us a very valuable lesson. Atonement is no exception.

HUMILIATION

As an aside here, I would like to relate to you something that happened to me on the day of Atonement many years ago when I was new to the faith that impressed on my mind, never to take lightly what Yahweh says. I was baptized in August, a couple of months before this fast day. As it approached and some of us were discussing it I mentioned that it would be a breeze to fast for twenty four hours as I never ate breakfast and seldom ate lunch. I usually had one big meal a day in the evening. Looking back, I can see that I was actually saying this would be no affliction at all.

When Atonement arrived I was not the least bit concerned. Services were at two o’clock but as noon approached I began to get a terrible headache like I had never experienced. By the time we arrived at services I was very nauseous, dizzy and weak. I could hardly function because my headache was so severe.  The minister asked me if I was a coffee drinker and I said I was, 8-10 cups a day. He said I had a caffeine withdrawal headache and it would be okay if I went home and laid down until sunset. By the time I arrived home I could barely function. I went to my room and knelt down to ask Yahweh to take away the headache. When I bowed my head the pain seemed not quite so bad. I thought that I had received the answer to my prayer. I thanked Yahweh but when I arose from my knees my head began to pound again so I knelt back down beside my bed and bowed my head onto my hands once again and the pain subsided to just a dull ache. I decided to stay there where it didn’t hurt. Since I was on my knees anyway I decided it would be a good time to talk over many things with Yahweh in prayer. I remained on my knees with my head bowed for the remaining three hours of the day of Atonement.

When sundown came I got up and went to the kitchen to get a cup of coffee. Before I had finished my coffee my headache was gone. It amazed me that a couple of sips of coffee could work so fast. Being new to the faith, it didn’t dawn on me for a few days what had really happened.

A few days later as I was studying, it hit me like a ton of bricks. I had made light of a day Yahweh calls Holy and He had humbled me. He not only made me kneel before Him, He made me bow before Him for three hours. I was more ashamed and embarrassed than I have ever been. Scriptures came to my mind and two really hit hard ISA. 45:23; ROM. 14:11. I had learned a lesson that I will never forget. It also started me on a very deep study of this very Holy day of Atonement so that I would be assured never to make common, a time that Yahweh calls Holy. It is this study that I share with you in this article.

The first thing to understand is that abstaining from food is only a very small part of this day. As mentioned before, the Sabbatical year and the Jubilee year both begin on this day. There is a very good reason that Yahweh has made these times all interconnect. They are all concerning the same subject. Oppression, lack of forgiveness and greed. Once one understands why the Sabbatical year and year of Jubilee were necessary for the people of Israel then we will begin to understand what true fasting is.

In another study concerning the Sabbatical and Jubilee we discovered that these were both years of release and restoration. Release of slaves, release of debts, and restoration of property to its rightful owner. We saw that these times both connected to Yahshua and the release and restoration that came to us through his sacrifice on our behalf. This day of Atonement also connects to Yahshua and what He expects of us as his followers.

RELEASE NECESSARY

The land Sabbath was necessary because people were enslaving other people less fortunate than themselves. They were doing this because of debts owed and taken out in forced human labour. Why was this allowed By Yahweh? We will see before this study is done that Yahweh does not condone slavery. Why then was this allowed? For the same reason that Moses allowed divorce. The hardness of the people’s hearts and the lack of forgiveness they were willing to exhibit. This brings us to poverty. There have always been poor people in all lands including Israel. Has Yahweh failed to provide for the poor? I was told once, that very thing.

To help us to understand, let us turn to a parable of Yahshua and statement that He made to a rich man. LUKE 12:16-20 This man had a great harvest with enough to last for many years. He decided to store it up, live off the proceeds and take a long vacation. Elohim called him a fool because his life would be required of him that night and then who would possess his wealth.

In MATT.19:16-20 Yahshua tells this rich man to obey the commandments if he wishes to enter into life. This man had kept these from his youth but Yahshua told him he still lacked something. He was to give his wealth to the poor and follow Yahshua. He left sad because his wealth was more important than obeying Yahshua. On the surface he was doing the right things. Under scrutiny, the hardness of his heart was revealed.

What does this tell us? Yahweh has provided for the poor through their fellow man. To some He gives an excess and He expects them to share this excess with those who don’t have enough. Yahweh talks about this in the books of the law and also in the writings of the new testament. We are told not to close our hand to the poor. A better rendering is, don’t close your heart to the poor.

The following all tell us how Yahweh has provided for the poor:

DEUT.24:19-21; LEV.19:9_10; DEUT. 15:7-9; PROV.21:13; JAS.2:15-16; 1 JOHN 3:17; LUKE 6:34-36.

This is the way Yahweh wants it but because of the hardness of people’s hearts, the year of release and the leveling of society is needed.

There is an old saying;” The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.” This is not the case when Yahweh’s law is properly administered. How did land come into the hands of those who don’t own it making the year of Jubilee necessary? For the same reason. The hardness of people’s hearts. Their unwillingness to share with those less fortunate than they are. Some had to sell because of poverty. Some of those that bought did so from greed. Yahweh allotted to each tribe of Israel certain portions of the promised land. Within each portion, land was allotted to each family. This was their heritage forever, as promised to Abraham. Some lost this heritage due to poverty and others perhaps because of poor management. Some lost their heritage to pay debts. The year of Jubilee was a year of restoration of this heritage, and freedom from the bondage of debts.

In Yahweh’s perfect society all would care for each other. This of course is not yet Yahweh’s perfect society, administered by Yahshua and those in the first fruits harvest so these times of restoration and release are necessary.

So far we have briefly covered the rituals surrounding the day of Atonement. We have covered the connection between Atonement and the Sabbath of land rest and Jubilee year. Let us now cover another aspect of the day of Atonement and complete the connection of all of these very Holy times so that you will never fall into the trap that I did many years ago and lightly esteem one of Yahweh’s special times.

A DAY ACCEPTABLE TO YAHWEH

Have you ever wondered why we are commanded to fast on this day? I have heard sermons and read articles stating that as we fast our thinking becomes clearer and it is easier to meditate and pray so we come closer to Yahweh. They also state that it is good for our bodies as it gets rid of toxins in our systems. This is all true and as one’s head becomes clearer during the day one can pray much better,  but it goes much deeper than physical deprivation of our bodies.

Is Yahweh concerned only with our physical abstention from food on this day or does He wish us to learn something spiritual from our fasting? We will come to understand that this is the case and just what true fasting is.

Turn to ISA.58:1-11 and read this very carefully along with, LUKE 4:16-20 . Take note of what Yahshua came to proclaim. He not only came to declare it. He came to do it. We will examine these two scriptures in detail shortly. First, let’s read, 1 JOHN 2:6. We are told that if we say we abide in Yahshua we should walk as He walked. He set the example for us and as His ambassadors (2 COR.5:20)  we are to represent Him exactly as He is. We are to be growing to be exactly as He is. (EPH.4:13)

Let us return to LUKE 4:16-20. Yahshua said He was anointed to preach good news to the poor, to proclaim release to the captives, recovering of sight to the blind, and to set free those that are oppressed. He was also to proclaim the acceptable year of Yahweh. His message was one of freedom and renewal. In a previous study we saw that Yahshua began His ministry at the beginning of a Sabbatical year and continued through the year of Jubilee. Both of these times represent His message

of freedom and renewal. These times both begin on the day of Atonement. The day of atonement also represents this message of release and renewal.

Let us now turn back to, ISA. 58:1-9.   Note verse 1. Yahweh says,” lift up your voice like a trumpet.” (LEV.25:9;  NUMBERS 10:10)

Trumpets were to announce special, Holy times. A trumpet or rams horn is very clear and loud in its sounding. It gets the attention of its hearers. Yahweh wants us to give special attention to what He is telling us through Isaiah. He is talking about fasting. Yahweh commanded a fast on the day of Atonement but what kind of fasting is acceptable to Him? In verses 3 to 5 He tells us the kind of fast that He takes no pleasure in. His people thought that they were doing right but they had totally missed the point of the day. We must not fall prey to this improper kind of fasting, just abstaining from food and enduring the day. It is not a day to be endured. It is a day to be delighted in as are all of the Holy Days and Sabbaths. (ISA. 58:13)  What the people are doing in verse 5 seems to be right, on the surface. Humbling oneself, and bowing the head.  However, what seems right to us may not be. (PROV.14:12)

In verse 6 to 10 Yahweh tells us the fast that pleases Him. Read these verses very carefully. As you do you will discover that if everyone lived this way, there would be no need for the seventh year Sabbath of release and the fiftieth year of release and restoration of property.

I want you to meditate very carefully on these verses and you will see a definite parallel to the Sabbatical year, Jubilee, Atonement and Yahshua’s reading in the synagogue. Verse 6; This is the fast that Yahweh chooses. To loose the bonds of wickedness, (Rashaw, Heb. sin ) To undo the thongs of the yoke, to let the oppressed go free, (Compare to Luke 4:18) and to break every yoke. This of course is the yoke of slavery in its many forms.

Verse 7; To share your bread with the hungry. (Remember, some have too much and some have not enough. Yahweh has let this happen to see if those He has given an excess to will be faithful administrators and share with those less fortunate.) And bring the homeless poor into your house. Notice, its not enough to just throw them a few cents or dollars, but we are to take them into our home. This is Yahweh’s will.

Should we obey? Some might say,” In this day and age of violence that could be very dangerous.” If one does take a homeless one into ones home because of knowing Yahweh’s word, do you not think that Yahweh could and would protect that one from harm?  ISA. 50:2 Yahweh has the same power to deliver and protect that He has always had. The one you take into your home is not in control. Yahweh is.

When we see the naked, to cover him. The sense of the word “naked” is, in need of proper clothing and care, and not to hide yourself from your own flesh. (This last part is rather a poor translation of the Hebrew which means literally, “and do not hide your eyes from seeing his need.”) HEB.13:12 Could Yahweh perhaps test one of us in this way?

Notice the end of verse 9. If you take away from the midst of you the yoke, and the pointing of the finger, (literally, “Push away by accusation.” Perhaps harmful gossip or rumour) and the speaking of wickedness. (evil, harmful talking) Verse 10 If you pour yourself out for the hungry and satisfy the desire of the afflicted. ( the sense of the word “afflicted” is downtrodden and unhappy or lonely. Perhaps the elderly who are alone and also the terminally ill who have no hope for the future.) [ Wouldn’t it be wonderful to assure them they do have a future through Yahshua the Messiah] This is what Yahweh calls fasting that is acceptable to Him.

Notice now verses 8, 9, the last part of 10 and 11. These are the blessings that will be automatically applied by Yahweh when He is pleased with our fast. Take special note of verse 10. Yahweh says that our light will rise in the darkness and our darkness will be as the noonday sun.

Yahshua said He was the light of the world. JOHN 8:12;  JOHN 9:5. He also said we are the light of the world. MATT. 5:14 Yahshua is the exact representation of the Father and reflects His glory. HEB.1:3 Yahweh is light. 1 JOHN 1:5 Yahshua reflects this light and we reflect that light to the world through the Holy Spirit which He has given us. This is not a harsh blinding light, but a soft warm glow. That same appealing glow that attracted us to this way of life.

We reflect this light through the fruit of the Spirit which grows within us. GAL.5:22-23 Notice that one of the components of this fruit is gentleness or kindness (Greek, chrestotes). Another is love. 1 COR. 13 It is this kind of love that Yahweh and Yahshua show us. This love grows in us through the fruit of the spirit and this is the love we are to show others. This love inspires true fasting that is acceptable to Yahweh.

A LIFE OF FASTING

Is this fasting that is acceptable to Yahweh to take place only one day a year? Are we to grant release, which is actually forgiveness, kindness, thoughtfulness, and generosity once every seven and fifty years? I know you will answer no to all of the above. This is what Yahweh is trying to teach us through the Sabbatical year, Jubilee year and the day of Atonement. Our life in Yahweh is a continual fast. Not a fast from food and water, but a fast from evil, oppression of others, and the keeping of records of evils others commit against us.

Our fast begins on the day we answer the call to follow Yahshua. We can no longer feast on the evils that those of the world do. These lead to dissatisfaction, disappointment and in the end, death. Our fasting in Yahweh leads to love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness gentleness, and self control, and in the end, eternal life. This is our true food and against these there is no law. GAL.5:22-23

As we approach the day of Atonement and the beginning of the Sabbatical year, let us meditate on these things and keep a fast that is truly acceptable to Yahweh.

May Yahweh bless your studies.  HalleluYah!!!    Elder Dave Ganton

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THE MESSIAH, TORAH, AND ME

Here is a refreshingly new look at the events surrounding the Apostolic Council in Acts 15 by a man who has stressed Torah observance for quite some time.

A CLOSER LOOK AT ACTS 15

Eph. 2:19-20, “Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of Elohim; and are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Yahoshua the Messiah himself being the chief corner stone.” [KJV]

The point of the above scripture is to point out the fact that, as gentiles brought into the household of Elohim, we are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, the Messiah being the chief corner stone. This is important because when we look at the question of whether or not we as believers in Messiah need to be seeking to follow and fulfill all the Torah in the sense of keeping the laws, statutes and judgments, we must turn to the apostles and their teaching on the matter as they are a crucial part of the foundation upon which we are to be built.

What better place to start with this question than with the apostles, as, I will hopefully demonstrate, they in fact encountered this very question, came together to consider it, and addressed it head on, leaving us with great insight.

By what authority do we believe what we believe? Since it was the apostles who walked, talked, and were taught by the Messiah himself, I strongly urge us to search out what the apostles (Paul included) had to say about this subject of whether or not Gentiles were to keep Torah. In general, the teaching of the apostles is so important, not only because it was the apostles who were given the “great commission,” but also because we have written history (book of Acts) as a witness and testimony as to the outworking and performance of this “great commission.” This brings us to one of the most recognized portions of scripture with regards to the law and the teaching of the apostles. Acts chapter 15.

INTRO TO ACTS 15

When the subject of law keeping comes up, much has been said about the Acts 15 controversy, and rightfully so. Why? What was the controversy? I believe, if we let the scripture speak for itself, we will find that the controversy in Acts 15 was precisely about the issue of whether Gentiles who believe in the Messiah need to practice and “keep” Torah in the covenant sense. As someone who was taught that we are to keep the law, I am familiar with the argument that this controversy found in Acts 15 is not about keeping the law (circumcision included), rather, it’s about keeping the law as a requirement for salvation. What’s the difference? Is there a difference?

I believe that many very sincere people have been misled regarding this matter. I will attempt to show why my understanding is that, the issue the apostles were dealing with was, in fact, Torah observance for Gentiles in general. Now I know that statement may cause some to have a reflexive action towards me, leading one to think of me as a “nominal Christian,” bent on running from the authority of the Torah. But for truth’s sake, please hear me out. If I am wrong in my understanding I need to be corrected in love. Do remember, I used to believe that, as believers in Messiah, we are to keep Torah fully. If you have not read my testimony, please do so.

What we find in Acts 15 is some sort of dispute over some obviously controversial doctrinal issue. This controversy happened very early on in the “church” and seems to be linked to the recent admission of the Gentiles into the body of believers. The issue at hand being discussed by the apostles is clearly regarding (in some way) circumcision, Torah, and Gentile converts. To what extent can we pin-point the “real” problem behind the controversy, and what will it means in terms of our question? We will see, but first, I believe it is important that we understand at least a little bit of background of the time period in which the text of Acts 15 fits.

1ST CENTURY CONTEXT

The first thing that we must do before looking at the actual text of Acts chapter 15 is realize the historical context in which the circumstances fit. We will touch on this only briefly as time does not permit the space it deserves. Please study the historical context of 1st Century further in your own time as it is vital to our understanding of the New Testament Scriptures.

Most denominational Christians have been taught that 1st Century Judaism was a religion of works-based salvation, legalistic self-righteousness, void of grace and forgiveness. And until recently, this image of the historical backdrop on which the Messiah Yeshua fits, has gone unchallenged. However, recent scholarship, beginning around the 1900’s, has shown consistently that the Protestant view of 1st Century Judaism is mostly incorrect. The common scare of – “good works may lead to a works-based salvation” that is so prevalent in Christianity today, is largely due to the Reformers views in light of the Catholic Church and all their “works” that were “required for salvation.” The idea that the historical religious backdrop during the time of Yeshua consisted of a works salvation, no forgiveness, relationship with Elohim, is flat out wrong. The fact is, and scholarship has shown, the Jews believed heavily in Elohim’s grace and forgiveness. They never thought they could “earn” their way into “heaven.” They understood that it was by Yahweh’s grace that they were chosen to be His people.

They saw salvation as a covenant issue, not a works issue. Once you were in covenant with YHWH (saved) you were expected, as part of His covenant people, to follow the instruction, or Torah, that distinguished you as “His people.”  

Once again, the Jews of the Second-Temple period did not believe you could be saved by works. They strongly depended upon Yah’s grace and forgiveness as He made provision for them through the Temple sacrificial system. With that said, I would like to point out the fact that the problem within the context of 1st Century Judaism was not “works salvation,” even though you were to “keep” the Torah as it was the covenant document. The bigger problem was “national righteousness.” The Jews understood that they were Elohim’s covenant people by grace, but what prevailed in their attitude was the fact that they were “Elohim’s Chosen People!” Instead of being a light to the world in humility and love, Israel was puffed up by their man covenant “badges” that set them apart from the “unclean” Gentiles. As “Elohim’s Chosen People,” the Jews were very conscious of the need to retain their Israelite identity (outward signs), which acted as boundary-markers between them and the Evil Unclean Gentiles who were oppressing them (Judea was under Roman rule). Instead of loving the stranger, as Torah commanded, the Jews stayed socially divided form the stranger both physically and spiritually (note Gal. 2:11-13 where Paul writes of a situation regarding Peter). It was true that Yahweh had specifically chosen Israel, they really were His “Chosen People.” It was also true that Yahweh chose them to be a light to the world. Instead of being that light they were found guilty of “nationalistic pride,” all in the name of Torah. Though much more time is needed in dealing with this subject, this brief overview will have to suffice for now. It is important that we have some idea of the historical backdrop upon which the controversy of Acts 15 sits.

ACTS 15 CONTROVERSY

As we begin in Acts chapter 15, I would like to mention the general direction that I am taking. I believe, if we let the scripture speak for itself, we will find that the controversy in Acts 15 was precisely about the issue of whether Gentiles who believe in the Messiah need to practice and “keep” Torah in the covenant sense.

As someone who has taught that we are to keep the law (Torah), I am familiar with the argument that this controversy found in Acts 15 is not about keeping the law, rather, it’s about keeping the law as a requirement for salvation. It is said that the entire chapter has to be read in light of it’s context which is verse one. 15:1, “And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren, and said, Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye cannot be saved.” Notice that they said “ye cannot be saved.” It seems obvious that these “certain men” could be guilty of teaching circumcision as a requirement for salvation. However, is this what the apostles came together about? Was the “apostolic council” specifically about the issue of circumcision as a requirement for salvation? I believe that if we read the entire text of Acts chapter 15, we will see that, while the issue in verse 1 did play an integral part in bringing the apostles together, the context in which the “apostolic council” was formed is not over the issue of verse 1 but rather the “new” issue of verse 5.

15:1 And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren, and said, Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye cannot be saved.

2 When therefore Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them, they determined that Paul and Barnabas, and certain other of them, should go up to Jerusalem unto the apostles and elders about this question.

3 and being brought on their way by the church, they passed through Phenice and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles: and they caused great joy unto all the brethren.

4 and when they were come to Jerusalem, they were received of the church, and of the apostles and elders, and they declared all things that Elohim had done with them.

5 But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses.

6 And the apostles and elders came together for to consider this matter.

After Paul and Barnabas had debated with the “certain men” in verse 1 they determined to go up to Jerusalem and talk to the apostles and elders about this question. When they arrived in Jerusalem they were received of the assembly, and they declared all that Elohim had done with them among the gentiles. Then in verse 5 we see that “there rose up certain of the sect of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to command them to keep he law of Moses.” It is after this verse that we read…And the apostles and elders came together for to consider of this matter. What was the matter that the apostles and elders came together to consider? Was it the issue in verse 1 or that of verse 5?

This question of whether or not the gentiles must be circumcised was a hot topic as is clear by the many other times that Paul himself spoke on the matter. Was physical circumcision necessary for gentiles to enter into covenant and be saved (in light of Messiah)? In the opinion of many Jews of that time period, the answer was an emphatic YES! In Gen. 17:10-14 it is clearly spelled out that, not only is circumcision the “token” or sign of the covenant, but for a male not to be circumcised was the equivalent of breaking Yahweh’s covenant. You were to be cut off from His covenant people. Circumcision was one of the defining marks of who Yahweh’s people were, as was the Torah in general. One who becomes circumcised is acknowledging that they agree to the terms of the covenant, they are expressing that which was expressed by the people of Israel in Exodus 24:7. It must be understood that these two, Torah and circumcision, are virtually inseparable as Paul makes clear in Galatians 5:3. This very misunderstood fact shall be further discussed a little later.

“…THIS MATTER”

It is important to see that there are two “matters” at hand in the text of Acts 15:1-6. The first matter, in verse 1, was about circumcision being necessary for the Gentiles to be saves. The second matter, found in verse 5, happened in a different location than that of verse 1 and is distinctly separate from the matter in verse 1. It is this matter found in verse 5, that was the direct cause of the “apostolic council.” Here it is once again….

5. But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses.

6 And the apostles and elders came together for to consider of this matter.

The “this matter” spoken of in verse 6 is that of the preceding verse, not that of verse 1. I will show why this does and does not make a difference in a moment but first there is something else worth noting. This issue of Gentiles having to be circumcised and keep Torah was such a lively topic that before Paul and Barnabas could even voice their reason for coming to Jerusaem, certain Pharisees in Jerusalem quickly rose up and stated that it was needful for Gentiles to be circumcised and keep Torah. This is a witness to what kind of religious climate existed at this time. Also, notice that, because of verse 5-6, Paul’s overall reason for coming to the apostles was still being attended to in a broader sense, even though this matter, that of verse 1, was not the immediate cause of the apostles coming together.

Though it was his matter in verse 1 that brought them to Jerusalem and led to the “new” situation found in verse 5, it was not the direct cause of the “apostolic council.”

To be Continued……...  

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